Business Transactions

The Prophet (ﷺ) was asked, 'What type of earning is best?' He replied, "A man's work with his hand and every transaction which is free from cheating or deception."

I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying in the year of the Conquest, while he was in Makkah, "Allah and His Messenger have forbidden the sale of intoxicants, dead animals, swine and idols." He was asked, "O Allah's Messenger, what about the fat of a dead animal, for it is used for greasing ships, greasing the hides (of animals), and making oils for lamps?" He replied, "No, it is unlawful." Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) then added: "May Allah curse the Jews, when Allah the Most High declared the fat of such animals unlawful they melted it, then sold it and devoured its price (profit)."

I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying, "When two people who are arranging a business transaction disagree and there is no proof to arbitrate between them, the seller's word is final, or they may break the deal."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) prohibited the money paid for a dog, the payment of a prostitute, and the payment given to a soothsayer."

I was traveling on a camel of mine which had become exhausted, so I intended to let it go free. The Prophet (ﷺ) followed me and made supplication for me and struck it. Then, it went as it had never done before. He then said, "Sell it to me for on Uqiya." I replied, "No." He again said, "Sell it to me." So I sold it to him for one Uqiya. However I stipulated that I should be allowed to ride it home. Then when I reached (home), I took the camel to him and he paid me its price in cash. I then went back and he sent someone after me. (When I came), he said, "Do you think that I asked you to reduce the value of your camel's price to take it? Take your camel and your money, for it is yours."

A man among us declared that a slave belonging to him would be free after his death. However, he had no other property. So, the Prophet (ﷺ) sent for him (the slave) and sold him.

A mouse fell into some ghee and died. The Prophet (ﷺ) was asked about it and he replied, "Throw it - and what is surrounding (touching) it - away and eat it (that which remained untouched)."

"into a solid ghee."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "If a mouse falls into ghee which is solid, throw the mouse and what is surrounding it away; but if it is in a liquid state do not go near it."

I asked Jabir (RA) about the payment for cats and dogs and he replied, "The Prophet (ﷺ) warned sternly against that."

"except a hunting dog."

Barirah came to her and said, "I had arranged to buy my freedom for nine Uqiya; one Uqiyah to be paid annually, so help me." 'Aishah (RA) replied, "If your people are pleased that I should pay (the amount) to them, and I shall have the right to inherit from you, I shall do so." Barira went to her people and told them about it, but they refused the offer. When she came back Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) was sitting (in the house). She said, "I offered that to them, but they insisted that the right to inherit from me should be theirs." The Prophet (ﷺ) heard that and 'Aishah (RA) told him about it. So, he said to 'Aishah (RA), "Take her and stipulate that the right to inherit from her will be yours, for the right of inheritance from her will be yours, for the right of inheritance belongs only to the one who has set a slave free." 'Aishah (RA) did so. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) then stood up among the people to address them. So, after praising and extolling Allah, he said, "To proceed; what is the matter with some men who make conditions which are not in the Book of Allah, the Might, the Majestic? Any condition which is not in Allah's Book is invalid. Even if there are a hundred conditions, Allah's Decision is more valid and Allah's Condition is more binding. The right of inheritance belongs only to the one who has set a slave free." . Muslim has: "Buy her, set her free and make the stipulation that the right to inherit from her will be yours."

'Umar (RA) forbade the sale of the slave-women who have given birth to children (of their owners). He said, "She is not to be sold, bestowed as a gift or inherited. He (the owner) enjoys her as long as he lives and when he dies, she becomes free."

We used to sell our slave-women who had borne (our) children while the Prophet (ﷺ) was still living, and he saw no harm in that.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) prohibited the sale of excess water.

"And hiring a camel to impregnate a she-camel."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the sale of a stallion's semen (to use for impregnation).

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the transaction called 'Habalal-Habalah" which was one entered into in the Jahiliya era, whereby a man bought a she-camel which was to be the offspring of a she-camel which was still in its mother's womb.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade selling or giving away the right of inheritance from a freed slave.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade a transaction determined by throwing stones, and the transaction which involves some uncertainty (or cheating).

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "If anyone buys a grain he must not sell it till he weighs it."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade two transactions combined in one.

"If anyone makes to transactions combined in one he is entitled to take the lower price, or (it is considered) usury."

"Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The condition of a loan combined with a sale is not lawful, now two conditions relating to one transaction, nor the profit arising from something which is not in one's charge, nor selling what is not in your possession."

He forbade a transaction (combined with) a condition. at-Tabarani reported it through this chain of narrators in al-Awsat, and it is Gharib (reported by a single narrator).

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the type of transaction in which a security deposit was paid.

I bought some oil in the market and when I had taken it (from the seller), a man met me and offered to give me a good profit for it. Then, when I was about to finalize the deal with him, a man caught hold of my forearm from behind. So I turned and found that he was Zaib bin Thabit (RA). He said, "Do not sell it in the place where you have bought it, till you take it to your dwelling. This is because Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade that commodities to be sold in the place where they were bought, till the traders take them to their dwellings."

I said, "O Allah's Messenger, I sell camels at al-Baqi'. I sell for Dinars and take Dirhams (for them), and sell for Dirhams, and take Dinars (for them), I take this for that and give that for this (i.e. Dinars and Dirhams)." Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) replied, "There is no harm in taking them at the current rate so long as you do not separate leaving something still to be settled (from the exchange)."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade bidding against one another (to raise the price).

The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade Muhaqalah, Muzabanah, and Mukhabarah. He also forbade Thunya unless it was explicit (a known amount).

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade Muhaqalah, Mukhadarah, Mulamasah, Munabadhah and Muzabamah.

"Do not go out to meet riders (to conduct business with them), and a city-dweller must not sell for a man from the desert." I asked Ibn 'Abbas (RA), "What did he mean by 'A city-dweller must not sell for a man from the desert.'" He replied, "He should not act as a broker for him."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Do not go out to meet what is being brought (to market for sale). Whoever has done so and bought some of it, when its owner comes to the market he has the choice (of canceling the deal)."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade, a city-dweller to sell for a man from the desert; one to bid against another (to raise the price); that someone sell (his product) by canceling the sale of his brother; to propose (marriage) to a woman after his brother has done so; or a woman to ask to have her sister divorced in order to deprive her of what belongs to her.

"A Muslim must not offer a price above that offered by another Muslim."

I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) saying, "Whoever separates a mother from her child, May Allah separate him from his beloved ones on the Day of Resurrection."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) commanded me to sell two youths who were brothers. I sold them and separated them (by selling them to different people). When I made mention of that to the Prophet (ﷺ), he said, "Find them and get them back, and do not sell them except that they are together."

When prices were high in al-Madinah in the time of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ), the people said, "O Allah's Messenger, prices have become high, so fix them for us." Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) replied, Allah is the One Who fixes prices, Who withholds, gives lavishly and provides. And I hope that when I meet Allah, the Most High, none of you will have any claim on me for an injustice regarding blood or property."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "None withholds goods till the price rises but a sinner."

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Do not tie up the udders of camels and goats. He who buys them after that (has been done) has two choices open to him after milking them: he may keep them if he wishes, or may return them along with one Sa' of dates."

"He has three days in which to decide to keep them or not."

"He must return with it one Sa' of any grain but wheat."

If anyone buys a goat whose udder has been tied up and he returned it, he must return it with one Sa'.

"of dates."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) once came upon a heap of grain, and when he put his hand inside it, his fingers felt some dampness. So, he asked, "What is this, O owner of the grain?" He replied, "Rain had fallen on it, O Allah's Messenger." He said, "Why did you not put it (the damp part) on the top of the foodstuff so that people might see it? Whoever cheats has nothing to do with me."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Whoever hoards grapes in the vintage (harvest) season till he sells them to those who make wine from them, has hastily thrown himself into Hell-fire with clear knowledge."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Any profit goes to the one who bears responsibility."

The Prophet (ﷺ) gave him a Dinar to buy a sacrificial animal or a sheep. He bought two sheep with it, sold one of them for a Dinar and came back to him with a goat and a Dinar. So he invoked blessings on him in his business dealings, and he was such that if he had bought soil (of the earth) he would have made profit from it.

al-Bukhari also recorded it within another Hadith but did not report its exact wording.

at-Tirmidhi reported a Shahid (supporting narration of similar meaning) for it from the Hadith of Hakim bin Hizam.

The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade buying what is in the wombs of domestic animals till they give birth; selling what is in their udders; buying a runaway slave; buying (something from) the spoils of war until they are divided; buying Sadaqat before they are received; and the unknown catch (find) of a diver.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Do not buy the fish that is in the water, for it involves uncertainty (risk)."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the selling of a fruit till it becomes ripe, or the selling of fur which is (still) on the back (of an animal) or milk which is (still) in the udder.

Abu Dawud reported in al-Marasil as a saying of 'Ikrimah, and that is the strongest opinion.

He also reported it Mawquf (as a saying of a Companion, i.e.) Ibn 'Abbas with a strong chain of narrators, and al-Baihaqi held it to the most correct narration.

The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade the sale of what is in the womb of a she-camel, and the semen that is in the body of a male-camel.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Whoever accepts back what he sold to a Muslim, Allah will forgive his fault."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Both parties in a business transaction have a right to annul the transaction, so long as they have not separated and remain together; or one of them gives the other the choice (to conclude or annul the transaction); so, if one of them gives the other the choice (to conclude or annul the transaction) and then they make the transaction accordingly, the transaction then becomes binding; or if they separate after having made the transaction and none of them has annulled it, the transaction then becomes binding."

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "The two parties (seller and buyer) in a business transaction have a choice (to annul it) until they separated (from one another), unless it is a transaction with the right to annul it attached to it; and it is not allowed for one to separated from the other for fear that he may cancel the deal."

"till they separated from their place (of transaction)."

A man told Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) that he was being deceived (cheated) in business transactions, and he replied, "When you make a purchase say, 'Deceiving (cheating) is not allowed (i.e. he has the choice to return the goods if he wills).'"

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) cursed the one who accepts usury, the one who gives it, the one who records it and the two witnesses to it, saying, "They are all the same."

al-Bukhari reported something similar from the Hadith of Abu Juhaifah.

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Usury has seventy-three categories, the least one in sin is as that of a man who marries (has sexual relations with) his mother, and the very essence of usury is the (violation of the) honor of a Muslim man."

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Do not sell gold for gold unless it is the same amount for the same amount, and do not make one amount greater than the other. Do not sell silver for silver unless it is the same amount for the same amount, and do not make one amount greater than the other. And do not sell that (cash money) which is not present (at the time of the transaction) for that (cash money) which is present."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Gold is to be paid for with gold, silver with silver, wheat with wheat, barley with barley, dates with dates, and salt with salt, same quantity for same quantity and equal for equal, hand to hand (i.e. payment being made on the spot). If these classes differ, sell as you wish as long as payment is made on the spot."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Gold is to be paid for with gold, both being of equal weight and of same quantities; silver is to be paid for with silver, both being of equal weight and of same quantities. If anyone gives more or asks for more of it, it is then usury."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) appointed a man over Khaibar and he brought him dates of a very fine quality. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) asked, "Are all the dates of Khaibar like this?" He replied, "I swear by Allah that they are certainly not, O Allah's Messenger. We take one Sa' of this kind for two, and even for three (of lesser quality). So Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Do not do so. Sell the mixed dates for Dirhams, then buy the very fine dates with the Dirhams." And he said that the same applies when things are sold by weight.

"and so is (that which is sold by) weight."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade selling a quantity of dates whose measure was unknown for a specified (known) quantity of dates.

I used to hear Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) say, "Food (may be sold) for food, of same quantities." Our food at that time consisted of barley.

I bought a necklace for twelve Dinars at the battle of Khaibar and it contained gold and gems. I considered them separately and found that it was worth more than twelve Dinars. I told the Prophet (ﷺ) about that and he said, "It must not be sold till the contents are considered separately."

The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade selling animals for animals when payment was to be made at a later date.

The Prophet (ﷺ) commanded him to equip an army. Then, when the camels were insufficient, he commanded him to keep back the young camels of Sadaqah. He said, "I was taking a camel to be replaced by two when the camels of Sadaqah came."

I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) say, "If you sell anything on credit to anyone, on the condition that you will buy it back for a lower price (al-'Einah), take hold of the tails of cattle, become pleased with agriculture and give up Jihad - Allah will make disgrace prevail over you and will not remove it from you till you return to your religion."

Ahmad reported something similar from the narration of 'Ata. Its narrators are reliable and Ibn al-Qattan graded it Sahih (authentic).

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Whoever intercedes for his brother and that one gives him a gift for that (intercession) which he accepts, he has engaged in one of the most terrible types of Riba (undeserving increase in something)."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) cursed the one who bribes and the one who takes bribes.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade al-Muzabanah, which means that a man sells the fruit of his garden, if it consists of palm-trees (fresh dates), for dried dates by measure; or if it consists of grapes (on the vines), for raisins by measure; or if it is unpicked crops, he sells it for a measured amount of picked crops. He forbade all that. Narrated Sa'd bin Abu Waqqas (RA): I heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) being asked about buying fresh dates for dry ones. He replied, "Will fresh dates diminish when they become dry?" They answered, "Yes." So he forbade that.

The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade selling a debt to be paid at a future date for another i.e., a debt for a debt.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) gave permission regarding al-'Araya for its sale on the basis of a calculation (of what the dates would be when dry) by measure.

"He gave permission regarding al-'Araya (for its sale) in which the household buys its fruit on the basis of a calculation (of what the dates would be when dry), yet they could eat them fresh (from the tree).

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) gave permission regarding the sale of al-'Araya, on the basis of calculation of their amount, for dry dates, on the condition that they be less than five Awsuq, or amounting to five Awsuq.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade the sale of fruits till they appear to ripe, forbidding it both to the seller and to the buyer.

"When he was asked about (the words): 'appear to be ripe'?" He (ﷺ) replied, "Till they were safe from damage or disease."

The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade the sale of fruits till they become colorful. He was asked what that meant, he replied, "Till they become reddish and yellowish."

The Prophet (ﷺ) forbade the sale of grapes till they become black (i.e. ripe) and the sale of grain till it becomes hard (i.e. ripe).

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "If you sell some fruit to your brother and it was struck by blight, it would not be lawful for you to take anything from him. How can you take your brother's money unjustly?"

"The Prophet (ﷺ) commanded that unforeseen loss be remitted in respect of what is affected by blight."

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "If anyone buys a palm tree after it has been pollinated, the fruits belong to the seller who has sold them unless the buyer makes a condition."

When the Prophet (ﷺ) came to al-Madinah, they were paying one and two years in advance for fruits. So he (ﷺ) said: "Those who paid in advance for fruits must do so for a specified measurement and weight, and for a specified time."

"Those who pay in advance for anything."

"We were getting a portion of the spoils of war along with Allah's Messenger (ﷺ), and some Nabateans (Arabs who mixed with non-Arabs and corrupted their language and lineage) from those of Syria used to come to us and we would pay in advance to them for wheat, barley and raisins - A narration has: 'and olive oil' - for a specified fixed time." It was asked, "Did they have standing crop?" They replied, "We were not asking them about that."

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Whoever accepts other people's wealth intending to pay it back, Allah will pay it back for him. And whoever accepts it intending to waste it, Allah, the Most High, will waste (destroy) him."

I said, "O Messenger of Allah, so-and-so has brought you clothes from Syria. What if you sent someone to him, and you get from him two garments on credit till it is easy for you to repay?" So he sent someone to him, but he refused.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "An animal may be ridden, due to what is spent on it, when it is in pledge; and the milk of a camel may be drunk, due to what is spent on it, when it is in pledge. And the responsibility of spending on it is upon the one who rides (it) and drinks (its milk)."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "A pledge does not become lost to its owner when he does not redeem it in time. Any increase in its value goes to him and any lost must be borne by him."

The Prophet (ﷺ) borrowed a young camel from a man. So, when some Sadaqa camels came to him he ordered Abu Rafi (RA) to re-pay the man his young camel. He told him (ﷺ), "I can only find an excellent camel in its seventh year." He said, "Give it to him, for the best of people is he who discharges his debt in the best manner."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Every loan, which leads to a benefit, is usury."

The aforesaid Hadith has a weak supporting narration, on the authority of Fadalah bin 'Ubaid (RA) reported by al-Baihaqi.

It also has another Mawquf (saying of a Companion) narration from 'Abdullah bin Salam (RA) reported by al-Bukhari.

We heard Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) say: "If a creditor finds his very property with a debtor who becomes bankrupt, he is more entitled to it than anyone else."

"If anyone sells some goods (on credit) and the one who buys them becomes bankrupt, and the seller does not recover any of the price of his goods, and he then finds his very goods (with him), he is more entitled to them (than anyone else). However, if the buyer dies, the owner of the goods finds his actual goods he has most right to them."

al-Baihaqi reported it with a full chain of narrators but graded it weak, following Abu Dawud.

"We went to Abu Hurairah (RA) regarding a friend of ours who was bankrupt. He said, "I shall certainly pronounce judgment about him in accordance with the judgement of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ). Whoever becomes bankrupt or dies, and a person finds his actual goods (remaining with that man), he has most right to them.'"

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Delay in payment on the part of one who possesses the means, makes it lawful to dishonor and punish him."

In the time of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) a man suffered a loss affecting fruits he had bought, owed a large debt and became bankrupt. So, Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said to the people, "Give him Sadaqah (charity)." Hence, the people gave him charity. However, that was not enough to repay his debt in full. Therefore, Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said to the creditors, "Take whatever you find, and you will have nothing other than that."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) seized the wealth of Mu'adh and sold it in return for a debt he was indebted for.

I was brought before the Prophet (ﷺ) on the Day of Uhud when I Was fourteen years old, but he did not give me permission (to fight). I was afterwards brought to him on the Day of al-Khandaq (the Battle of Trench) when I was fifteen years of age, and he gave me permission (to fight).

"He did not give me permission (to fight), and did not consider me has having attained puberty."

We were brought before the Prophet (ﷺ) on the day of Quraizah. Those who had began to grow hair (on their private parts) were killed, while who had not, were set free. I was among those who had not begun to grow hair, so I was set free.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "It is not permissible to give a gift without her husband's permission."

"It is not permissible for a woman to dispose anything of her wealth if her husband is responsible for her."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Begging is not lawful except to one of three (people): a man who has become a guarantor for a payment, for whom begging is lawful till he gets it, after which he must stop begging; a man whose wealth has been destroyed by a calamity which has befallen him, for whom begging is lawful till he gets what will support life; and a man who has been struck by poverty, the genuineness of which is confirmed by three intelligent members of his people, so it is lawful for him to beg."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Reconciliation is permissible between Muslims, except one which makes unlawful something which is lawful, or makes lawful something which is unlawful; and Muslims must abide by their conditions (which they have made), except for a condition which makes unlawful something which is lawful, or makes lawful something which is unlawful." . However, the Hadith scholars criticized him (for grading this Hadith as Sahih) because the narration of Kathir bin 'Abdullah bin 'Amr bin 'Auf is weak. It is as though at-Tirmidhi considered it (reliable) due to its many chains of narration. Ibn Hibban declared the aforesaid Hadith to be Sahih (authentic) from the narration of Abu Hurairah (RA).

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "One must not prevent his neighbor from fixing a wooden peg in his wall." Abu Hurairah (RA) then said, "Why do I see you turning away (averse to this Sunnah)? I swear by Allah that I will always narrate it to you."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "It is not lawful for a person to take his brother's stick except if he is pleased with such."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Delay in payment by a rich man is injustice. So, if one of you is referred for payment to a wealthy man he should accept the reference."

"And if anyone is referred to another, let him accept that."

A man from among us died, so we washed, embalmed and shrouded him. We then brought him to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) and asked him to pray over him. He went forward some steps and then asked, "Does he have any debt against him?" We replied, "Two Dinars." He turned away, but Abu Qatada (RA) took upon himself the bearing of them. We then came to him (again) (ﷺ) and Abu Qatada (RA) said: "I shall discharge the two Dinars." Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) thereupon said, " a right to the creditor; and the dead man will then be free from them?" He replied, "Yes." So, he prayed over him.

A man who had died in debt would be brought to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) and he would ask, "Has he left anything to discharge his debt?" If he was told that he left enough he would pray over him. Otherwise, he would say, "Pray over your companion." Then, when Allah brought the conquests (of other lands) at his hands he said, "I am closer to the believers than their own selves. So, whoever dies leaving a debt, the responsibility for repaying it shall be upon me."

"Whoever dies and leavings nothing to discharge his debt..."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "No surety is allowed regarding a prescribed punishment."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Allah, the Most High, said, 'I am the third (partner) of two partners as long as one of them does not cheat the his companion. Then, if he cheats (his partner) I depart from them.'"

That he was the partner of the Prophet (ﷺ) before the Prophethood. Then, he came (to Makkah) on the day of the Conquest (of Makkah), and he (the Prophet) said: "Welcome to my brother and partner."

"Ammar, Sa'd and I agrred to be partners in whatever we would get (from the spoils of war) on the day of Badr." The narrator quoted the rest of the Hadith which concludes: "Then Sa'd brought two captives, but neither Ammar nor I brought anything."

I intended to go to Khaibar, so I went to the Prophet (ﷺ) and he said, "When you meet my agent at Khaibar take fifteen Wasq (of dates) from him."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) sent him with a Dinar to buy a sacrificial animal for him.

"Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) sent 'Umar to collect the Sadaqah." The reported mentioned the rest of the Hadith.

"The Prophet (ﷺ) slaughtered sixty-three (sacrificial) camels and ordered 'Ali to slaughter the remainder ." The reported mentioned the rest of the Hadith.

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: 'Unais, go (in the morning) to this man's wife, and if she confesses, stone her to death." The reported mentioned the rest of the previous Hadith.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said to me, "Say the truth even though it is bitter (i.e. difficult to admit)."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The hand (which takes) is responsible for what it has taken till it returns it."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Give back what has been entrusted (to you) to him who has entrusted you, and do not violate the trust of him who violates your trust."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said to me, "When my messengers come to you, give them thirty coats of armor." I asked, "O Allah's Messenger, is it a loan with a guarantee (of its return), or a borrowed object that must be returned?" He replied, "No, it is a borrowed object that must be returned."

At the battle of Hunain, the Prophet (ﷺ) borrowed coats of mail from him and he asked, "Are you taking them by force, O Muhammad (ﷺ)?" He replied, "No, it is a loan with a guarantee of their reutrn."

He also reported for this Hadith a Shahid (supporting narration) which is weak, from Ibn 'Abbas.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "If anyone takes a span of land unjustly, on the Day of Resurrection Allah will strangle him with it from seven earths."

The Prophet (ﷺ) was with one of his wives when one of the Mothers of the Believers (another of his wives) sent a bowl containing food with a servant of hers. Then, she (in whose house he was) struck it with her hand and the bowl was broken. He collected the pieces of the bowl and began to collect the follow in it and said, "You eat," and gave an unbroken bowl to the messenger (servant) and kept the broken one.

The Prophet (ﷺ) then said, "Food for food, and a vessel for a vessel."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Whoever sows in the land of a people without their permission, he has no right to any of the crop. However, he is entitled to what he spent on it." [Reported by Ahmad and al-Arba'a except an-Nasa'i. at-Tirmidhi graded it Hasan (good).

It has been said that al-Bukhari graded it Da'if (weak).

A man among the Companions of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Two men brought a dispute before Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) concerning a land in which one of them had planted palm trees and the land belonged to the other. So, Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) ruled that the land belongs to its owner, and commanded the owner of the palm trees to uproot his palm trees. He said, "The labor of an unjust person has no right." [Reported by Abu Dawud and its chain of narrators is Hasan (good). The last (quoted) part of the aforesaid Hadith is found in the books of the collections of as-Sunan, from 'Urwa's narration on the authority of Sa'id bin Zaid.

However, there is disagreement regarding whether it is Mawsul (an unbroken chain) or Mursal (missing link after the Tabi'i) as well as the determination of the name of the Companion who heard it from the Prophet (ﷺ).

In his Khutbah (religious talk - sermon) on the Day of Sacrifice at Mina, the Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Your blood and your property and your honor are forbidden for you to violate, like the sacredness of this day of yours, in this month of yours, in this city of yours."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) ruled that the option to buy a partner's share in property is applicable to everything that has not been divided. However, when boundaries are fixed and separate roads are made there is no partner's option."

"The option to buy a partner's share in property is applicable to everything which is shared, whether land, a dwelling or a garden and it is not lawful to sell before informing one's partner."

"The Prophet (ﷺ) ruled for the right of partner's option regarding everything."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The neighbor has more right (to be given preference) to the property which is near to him."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The neighbor of the house has the most right to buy it."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The neighbor is most entitled to the right of option to buy his neighbor's property, and its exercise should be waited for, even if he is absent, if the two properties have one road."

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "The option to buy neighboring property is like loosening the knot (which restraints the camel)."

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "There are three things which contain blessings: A business transaction in which payment is agreed on a fixed later time, al-Muqaradah (speculative partnership), and mixing wheat and barley for one's household use but not for sale."

He used to make a condition on the man to whom he gave his property in al-Muqaradah (to trade with, and the profit being shared between them), that: "You should not trade with my property in living beings, and do not transport it by sea, and do not settle with it at the bottom of a river-bed; and if you do any of the aforesaid acts you should then guarantee my property."

Malik said in al-Muwatta' from al-'Ala bin 'Abdur-Rahman bin Ya'qub from his father on the authority of his grandfather that he traded with some property belonging to 'Uthman (RA) so that the profit would be divided between them.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) had agreed with the people of Khaibar to give (to the Muslim authority) half what it produced of fruits or crops.

They asked him (ﷺ) to allow them to stay on the land, on condition that they should do all the cultivation and have half the dates. Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) replied to them, "We shall allow you to stay on the land, on that condition, as long as we wish." So they remained on the land till 'Umar (RA) expelled them.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) handed over to the Jews of Khaibar, the palm-trees and the land of Khaibar, on condition that they should employ their own resources in working on it and keep half of its produce.

I asked Rafi' bin Khadij (RA) about renting land for gold and silver and he replied, "There is no harm in that, as the people used to rent land in the time of Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) for what grew by the river-beds, and the edges of the brooks/streams, or for a portion of the crop. However, sometimes this portion of the crop would be destroyed while the other is saved, or vice-versa. Thus, there would be no wages to pay the people (the owners of the land) except for the portion which produced a crop." For this reason, he warned against this (practice). However, if it is (rented) for something known and guaranteed, then there is no harm in it. . This narration contains a clarification of what was mentioned in general terms in the previous narration of al-Bukhari and Muslim, regarding the general prohibition of renting out land.

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) forbade al-Muzara'ah (employing people on land for a share of the produce), and ordered al-Mu'ajara (renting it out for cash).

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) had himself cupped and gave the one who cupped him his pay; and if it were prohibited he would not have given him (his pay).

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The earnings of a cupper (Hajjam) are impure."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Allah, the Great and Glorious, has said, "There are three whose adversary I shall be on the Day of Resurrection: A man who gave a promise in My Name and then betrayed; a man who sold a free man and consumed his price; and a man who hired a worker and, after receiving full service from him, did not give him his wages.'"

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "The most worthy thing for which you receive payment is Allah's Book."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Give the hired worker his wage before his sweat dries."

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Whoever hires a worker should pay him his wages in full."

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "He who develops land that does not belong to anyone, has the most right to it." 'Urwa said that 'Umar ruled according to that during his caliphate.

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "If anyone makes a barren land productive, then it belongs to him."

And he (at-Tirmidhi) said that it was reported in a Mursal (missing link after the Tabi'i) form, which is the case. However, there is disagreement regarding the Companion who heard it from the Prophet (ﷺ), and it has been said that it was Jabir, 'Aishah or 'Abdullah bin 'Umar, and the strongest opinion is that it was the first one (i.e. Jabir).

Narrated Ibn 'Abbas (RA) that as-Sa'b bin Jaththamah al-Laithi (RA) informed him that the Prophet (ﷺ) had said, "There is no preserve except what belongs to Allah and His Messenger."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "There should neither be harming (of others without cause), nor reciprocating harm (between two parties)."

Ibn Majah reported something similar to the aforesaid Hadith from Abu Sa'id's narration. It is found in al-Muwatta' in a Mursal form (missing link after the Tabi'i).

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "If anyone puts a wall around a (barren) land, it belongs to him."

The Prophet (ﷺ), "Whoever digs a well, shall have forty cubits (of land) as resting place for his animals near the water."

"The Prophet (ﷺ) assigned him land in Hadramout."

The Prophet (ﷺ) assigned az-Zubair the land his horse could cover at a run. He made his horse run, and when it stopped he threw his whip. He then said, "Give to him up to the spot his has reached.

I went on an expedition with the Prophet (ﷺ) and heard him say, "People are partners in three things: grazing, pasture, water and fire."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "When a son of Adam (i.e. any human being) dies his deeds are discontinued, with three exceptions: Sadaqah, whose benefit is continuous; or knowledge from which benefit continues to be reaped, or a righteous child who supplicates for him."

'Umar (RA) got some land in Khaibar and went to the Prophet (ﷺ) asking his command regarding it and said, "O Allah's Messenger, I have acquired a land in Khaibar which is the most valuable property that I have ever acquired." He replied, "If you wish you may make the property an endowment and give its produce as Sadaqah." So 'Umar (RA) gave the land as Sadaqah (in endowment on the condition) that must not be sold, inherited, or given away. And he gave its produce as Sadaqah to be devoted to the poor, relatives, the emancipation of salves, in Allah's Cause, for travelers and guests, and there is no sin upon the one who administers it if he eats something from it in a reasonable manner or gives something to a friend to eat, provided he does not store anything as goods (for himself).

"He gave the land in Sadaqah (as an endowment) that must not be sold or gifted, but its produce must be spent (as Sadaqah)."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) sent 'Umar (RA) to collect Sadaqah..." The narrator reported the Hadith and it contains:

"As for Khalid, he has kept back his coats of mail and weapons to use them in Allah's Cause."

His father brought him to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) and said, "I have given this son of mine a slave, who was belonging to me." Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) asked, "Have you given all your children the like of him?" He replied, "No." Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) then said, "Take him back then."

My father went then to the Prophet (ﷺ) to call him as a witness to my Sadaqah (i.e. gift) and he asked, "Have you done the same with all your children?" He replied, "No." He said, "Fear Allah and treat your children equally." My father then returned and took back that gift.

He said, "Call someone other than me as a witness to this." He then said, "Would you like them to be equal in their kind treatment of you?" He replied, "Yes." He said, "Don't do it, then."

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "The one who repossesses a gift is like a dog which vomits and then returns to its vomit."

"An evil example does not apply to us, one who repossesses a gift is like a dog which vomits and then returns to its vomit."

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "It is not lawful for a Muslim man to give a gift and then take it back, except a father regarding what he gives a child."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) would accept a gift and give something in return for it.

A man gave away a she-camel to Allah's Messenger (ﷺ). So he gave him something in return for it and asked, "Are you pleased?" He replied, "No." So he gave him more and asked, "Are you pleased?" He replied, "No." Again he gave him more and asked, "Are you pleased?" He replied, "Yes."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "What is given in life-tenancy belongs to the one to whom it is given."

"Keep your properties for yourselves and do not squander them, for if anyone gives a life-tenancy it goes to the one to whom it is given, both during his life and after his death, and to his descendants."

"The life-tenancy which Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) allowed was only that in which one says, 'It is for you and your descendants.' However, if he says, 'It is yours as long as you live', it returns to its owner."

"Do not give property "to go to the survivor" and do not give "life-tenancy", for if anyone is given either, the property goes to his heirs."

I provided a man with a horse to ride in Allah's Cause, but as he did not look after it well, I thought he would sell it at a cheap price. I therefore asked Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) about that and he said, "Do not buy it even if he gives it to you for a Dirham..." The narrator reported the rest of the Hadith.

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "Give gifts to one another and you will love one another."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "Give gifts to one another, for (giving) gifts gently extracts resentment and ill-will."

Allah's Messenger (ﷺ) said: "O Muslim women, a woman neighbor should not consider even a goat's hoof too insignificant a gift to give to her neighbor."

The Prophet (ﷺ) said: "If anyone gives away a gift, he has most right to it as long as he is given nothing in return for it."

The Prophet (ﷺ) came upon a date on the road and said, "Were it not that I fear it may be part of the Sadaqah I would eat it."

A man came to the Prophet (ﷺ) and asked him about an item found (in the street). He replied, "Note what it is contained in, and what it is tied with, and make the matter known for a year. Then, if its owner comes (give it to him). Otherwise, you can do what you like with it." He asked, "What about astray sheep?" He replied, "It is for your, your brother, or the wolf." He asked, "What about astray camels?" He replied, "What have you to do with them? They have their stomachs and their feet. They can go down to water and eat trees till their master finds them."